Abstract
In multiuser millimeter wave (mmWave) massive MIMO systems, hybrid beamforming (HBF) is widely applied to save power and cut down on hardware costs. Hybrid beam- forming can be divided into two stages: analog beamforming in the RF domain usually implemented with phase shifters and digital beamforming in the baseband domain. Constrained by cost, volume and production process, imperfect phase shifters have phase-shifting error and gain error. In this paper, we study the influence of phase-shifting error and gain error upon the performance of the multiuser mmWave massive MIMO systems. We derive the lower bound of the rate loss, which is tight with the large antenna arrays. Both the theoretical results and simulation results show that there is an achievable sum rate ceiling due to phase-shifting error and gain error. The analytic procedure can be applied to many HBF algorithms.
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