Abstract
BackgroundAs a response to harsh environments, the crustacean artemia produces diapause gastrula embryos (cysts), in which cell division and embryonic development are totally arrested. This dormant state can last for very long periods but be terminated by specific environmental stimuli. Thus, artemia is an ideal model organism in which to study cell cycle arrest and embryonic development.Principal FindingOur study focuses on the roles of H3K56ac in the arrest of cell cycle and development during artemia diapause formation and termination. We found that the level of H3K56ac on chromatin increased during diapause formation, and decreased upon diapause termination, remaining basal level throughout subsequent embryonic development. In both HeLa cells and artemia, blocking the deacetylation with nicotinamide, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, increased the level of H3K56ac on chromatin and induced an artificial cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, we found that this arrest of the cell cycle and development was induced by H3K56ac and dephosphorylation of the checkpoint protein, retinoblastoma protein.Conclusions/SignificanceThese results have revealed the dynamic change in H3K56ac on chromatin during artemia diapause formation and termination. Thus, our findings provide insight into the regulation of cell division during arrest of artemia embryonic development and provide further insight into the functions of H3K56ac.
Highlights
Dormancy is a period in an organism’s life cycle when growth, development, and physical activity are greatly slowed or even reversibly stopped, and these events tend to be closely associated with environmental conditions [1]
H3K56ac was mainly distributed in the non-chromatin fraction of nauplius larvae, whereas it was mainly bound to chromatin in diapause embryos (Figure 2B). These results suggest that the accumulation of H3K56ac on chromatin could play a critical role in cell cycle arrest in Artemia diapause embryos
The results suggested that the accumulation of H3K56ac on chromatin leads to G1/S cell cycle arrest
Summary
Dormancy is a period in an organism’s life cycle when growth, development, and physical activity are greatly slowed or even reversibly stopped, and these events tend to be closely associated with environmental conditions [1]. When encountering harsh environmental conditions, the other pathway is taken, in which cell division and development are arrested at the gastrulae stage [5]. These diapause cysts are in an obligate but reversible dormant state. As a response to harsh environments, the crustacean artemia produces diapause gastrula embryos (cysts), in which cell division and embryonic development are totally arrested. This dormant state can last for very long periods but be terminated by specific environmental stimuli. Our findings provide insight into the regulation of cell division during arrest of artemia embryonic development and provide further insight into the functions of H3K56ac
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