Abstract
We introduce a novel method to accurately evaluate the satellite-observed sea surface temperature (SST) cooling induced by typhoons with complex tracks, which is widely used but only roughly calculated in previous studies. This method first records the typhoon forcing period and the SST response grid by grid, then evaluates the SST cooling in each grid by choosing the maximum decrease in SST within this time period. This grid-based flexible forcing date method can accurately evaluate typhoon-induced SST cooling and its corresponding date in each grid, as indicated by applying the method to the irregular track of Typhoon Lupit (2009) and three sequential typhoons in 2016 (Malakas, Megi, and Chaba). The method was used to accurately calculate the impact of Typhoon Megi by removing the influence of the other two typhoons. The SST cooling events induced by all typhoons in the northwest Pacific from 2004 to 2018 were extracted well using this method. Our findings provide new insights for accurately calculating the response of the ocean using multi-satellite remote sensing and simulation data, including the sea surface salinity, sea surface height, mixed layer depth, and the heat content of the upper levels of the ocean.
Highlights
The sea surface temperature (SST) is an important factor in the supply of energy to typhoons and affects their formation [1,2,3,4], and their track and intensity [5,6,7]
The region influenced by the track of the typhoon and the corresponding critical times are defined in the first step
This region is the set of grids within 400 km of the typhoon track [32,66,67]
Summary
The sea surface temperature (SST) is an important factor in the supply of energy to typhoons (hurricanes, or tropical cyclones) and affects their formation [1,2,3,4], and their track and intensity [5,6,7]. Satellite observations of SST began in the 1970s using infrared radiometers onboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites [10]. Prior to 1997, SSTs were only available globally from infrared satellite retrievals, but microwave retrievals became possible with the launch of the tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) microwave imager. The cold wakes induced by storms have been studied using infrared observations of the SST [11,12], but the analysis has been hampered by the extensive cloud cover associated with these storms. Microwave images provide almost complete coverage [13]
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