Abstract
Voltage control in active distribution networks must adapt to the unbalanced nature of most of these systems, and this requirement becomes even more apparent at low voltage levels. The use of transformers with on-load tap changers is gaining popularity, and those that allow different tap positions for each of the three phases of the transformer are the most promising. This work tackles the exact approach to the voltage optimization problem of active low-voltage networks when transformers with on-load tap changers are available. A very rigorous approach to the electrical model of all the involved components is used, and common approaches proposed in the literature are avoided. The main aim of the paper is twofold: to demonstrate the importance of being very rigorous in the electrical modeling of all the components to operate in a secure and effective way and to show the greater effectiveness of the decoupled on-load tap changer over the usual on-load tap changer in the voltage regulation problem. A low-voltage benchmark network under different load and distributed generation scenarios is tested with the proposed exact optimal solution to demonstrate its feasibility.
Highlights
Low-voltage (LV) networks are generating increasing interest for a variety of reasons, such as the massive deployment of smart meters [1], the growing presence of distributed renewable generation (DG) [2], and important new components such as electric vehicles (EVs) and storage devices (SDs) [3].The eruption of all these new actors has completely changed the approach to planning and operating voltage levels in light of two main facts
The main aim of each optimization problem, 1P-OLTCST or 3P-OLTCST, is to provide a feasible solution regarding the fixed voltage bounds while minimizing the power losses of the system and fulfilling the power flow equations
This section is organized as follows: Section 4.1 presents the tested network and some considerations to take into account in the analysis; Sections 4.2 and 4.3 compare the two means of control (1P-OLTCST or 3P-OLTCST) for a specific load scenario and demonstrate the importance of accuracy for the line model and earthing configuration
Summary
Low-voltage (LV) networks are generating increasing interest for a variety of reasons, such as the massive deployment of smart meters [1], the growing presence of distributed renewable generation (DG) [2], and important new components such as electric vehicles (EVs) and storage devices (SDs) [3]. For LV levels, in practice, most utilities with a European-style network design use only the secondary distribution transformers equipped with off-load tap changers to control voltages. The current trend toward active LV networks implies that these barriers are starting to disappear and that the current knowledge of networks and power demand/dispersed generation can generate great value for distribution utilities [37] On this basis, this paper tackles the optimal voltage control problem of European LV networks by using decoupled OLTC transformers (1P-OLTCST) and implementing an analytical solution. Three-phase model of three-phase transformers, incorporating their ground connection design; three-phase four-wire lines are neither reduced to a three-phase model nor decoupled, any earthing system type is taken into account The former optimization problem is implemented and solved, comparing the real possibilities of.
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