Abstract
One of the most ubiquitous techniques within attosecond science is the so-called reconstruction of attosecond beating by interference of two-photon transitions (RABBIT). Originally proposed for the characterization of attosecond pulses, it has been successfully applied to the accurate determination of time delays in photoemission. Here, we examine in detail, using numerical simulations, the effect of the spatial and temporal properties of the light fields and of the experimental procedure on the accuracy of the method. This allows us to identify the necessary conditions to achieve the best temporal precision in RABBIT measurements.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Measurement of ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics with X-rays’.
Highlights
The study of ultrafast dynamics of small quantum systems is currently undergoing rapid progress due to the emergence of intense and ultra-short pulsed light sources in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and X-ray regimes
One driving force behind this progress is the field of attosecond science, thanks to light sources based on high-order harmonic generation (HHG) in gases, allowing the investigation of electron dynamics at the fastest available time scale [1]
We present a comprehensive analysis of the RABBIT technique
Summary
The study of ultrafast dynamics of small quantum systems is currently undergoing rapid progress due to the emergence of intense and ultra-short pulsed light sources in the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and X-ray regimes. State-of-the-art photoelectron spectrometers provide high spectral resolution which allows for an energy-resolved analysis of the sideband oscillations This technique, dubbed rainbow RABBIT [40], can be used to retrieve the amplitude and phase variation across sidebands, which is useful to disentangle different ionization processes contributing to the same sideband [10,41], or to characterize complex photoelectron wave-packets [40,42,43]. The noisy signal is used as input for the nonlinear least-squares fit (figure 2b), and the phase difference between the best fit and the original unperturbed cosine is evaluated, giving the error of the fitted phase This process is repeated N times to acquire enough statistics to reveal a normal distribution of values around the mean value x =. A good RABBIT measurement requires both high precision and high accuracy
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