Abstract
Sustainable tourism depends on, among others, culture and interaction between members of a given community, flow of tourists and political climate of the host country, and hospitality of the service providers. It assumes that nature of the economy and relation of production and tranquillity define the sustainability of tourism. This paper presents the case of Ngorongoro district where Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA) and Loliondo Game Controlled Area (LGCA) are situated. Resources in these areas were sustained under the local community for centuries before the application of the modern approaches, which involved land alienation. The alienation of land led to the loss of pastures, eviction and relocation of Maasai pastoralists from NCAA. The situation made the pastoralists lose their livelihood options. Some development initiatives were prohibited. Community members started to fight with investors on access to resources. Moreover, search for alternative sources of living drove them into illegal practices of robbing travellers. Indeed, poaching and illegal transfers of wild animals by colluding with those in power made a few individuals benefit from the practices. As a result, the accumulation tendency made the hosting community lose their resources and the livelihood options as well. In this way, the only immediate option was trespassing to the existing resources and users; hence, malfunctioning of the sector. Thus, this paper argues that, in order to realise sustainable tourism and curb the emerging hostility between the resource hosts and the greedy individuals, community participation is paramount.
Highlights
Sustainable tourism depends on, among others, culture and interaction between members of a given community, flow of tourists and political climate of the host country, and hospitality of the service providers. It assumes that nature of the economy and relation of production and tranquillity define the sustainability of tourism
This paper presents the case of Ngorongoro district where Ngorongoro Conservation Area Authority (NCAA) and Loliondo Game Controlled Area (LGCA) are situated
In Tanzania, since independence, the question of development has been centred within capitalism as a worldwide process in different forms while accumulation being at the centre of the analysis
Summary
Resumen El turismo sostenible depende de, entre otras cosas, la cultura y la interacción entre los miembros de una determinada comunidad, el flujo de turistas, el clima político del país de acogida y de la hospitalidad de los proveedores de servicios. The concept implies that differences in human development are the results of human processes and the human creation at large This idea of human creation is contrary to assumptions of capitalism that people were naturally born rich, and others poor (Shivji, 2009). The responsibility of the state is to discourage collective property, national development and social solidarity or trade unionism by championing and perpetuating individualism This is clearly stated within the concept of Desotho on the Mystery of Capital when he tried to bring life to the dead capital, land. There are five characteristics of neo-liberalism, which are: first, commodification and privatisation; second, pervasive nature of predatory and speculative financialisation of capital; third, militarisation; fourth, polarisation – uneven distribution of wealth and fifth, the ephemerality of relations and shortening time horizon (lack of job security and human respect) The concept tries to answer the questions about who uses what and how? What is collected and what is spent for whose interests? The most important thing is how these tourist centres are established and managed
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