Abstract
Atomic scale computer simulations using density functional theory were used to investigate the behaviour of tin in the tetragonal phase oxide layer on Zr-based alloys. The SnZr× defect was shown to be dominant across most oxygen partial pressures, with SnZr″ charge compensated by VO•• occurring at partial pressures below 10−31 atm. Insertion of additional positive charge into the system was shown to significantly increase the critical partial pressure at which SnZr″ is stable. Recently developed low-Sn nuclear fuel cladding alloys have demonstrated an improved corrosion resistance and a delayed transition compared to Sn-containing alloys, such as Zircaloy-4. The interaction between the positive charge and the tin defect is discussed in the context of alloying additions, such as niobium and their influence on corrosion of cladding alloys.
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