Abstract
Absolute quantification of stool-based colon cancer microRNAs by chip-based digital (d)PCR
Highlights
Analysis of promoter methylation of hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1) gene in stool showed it to be highly specific (98%) for colon adenoma and carcinoma, but sensitivity was quite low (31% for adenoma & 42% for all cancer), which suggested that an epigenetic marker only is not adequate for screening, but a combination of genetic and epigenetic markers would be required to reliably identify colorectal cancer (CRC) at an early stage
Protein microarray studies revealed that protein expression vastly exceeds RNA levels, and only posttranslationally modified proteins are involved in signal transduction pathways leading to tumorigenesis
A serum proteomic study employing liquid chromatography (LC)mass spectrometry (MS) carried out in a nonbiased fashion failed to differentiate between individuals with large adenoma (≤ 1 cm) and normal individuals
Summary
Protein-based methods are currently not suited for screening and early diagnosis either because proteins are not specific to one tumor or tissue type (e.g., CEA), their susceptibility to proteases, current lack of means to amplify proteins, no function is known for more than 75% of predicted proteins of multicellular organisms, there is not always a direct correlation between protein abundance and activity, and most importantly because detection of these markers exfoliately often signifies the presence of an advanced tumor stage. The expression of individual genes may be altered by mutations in the DNA, or by a change in their regulation at the RNA or protein levels.
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