Abstract
Knockdown resistance ( kdr) and CYP9K1 genotypes were detected by a MOLDI-TOF based SNP genotyping assay (Sequenom iPLEX) in samples of Anopheles gambiae collected at 13 sites throughout the Union of the Comoros and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania during February and March 2011. All A. gambiae specimens collected in the Comoros were homozygous for the susceptible kdr alleles (+/+) while 96% of A. gambiae from Dar es Salaam were homozygous for the East African kdr resistant genotype (E/E). In contrast, all specimens from Dar es Salaam and the Comoros were homozygous for the cyp3 allele (c3/c3) at the CYP9K1 locus; the locus has been implicated in metabolic resistance against pyrethroid insecticides in West Africa. All specimens had typical A. gambiae genotypes for SNPs within the divergence Islands on all three chromosomes. Although further spatial and temporal studies are needed, the distribution of kdr genotypes between the Comoros and Tanzania further supports isolation of the Comoros populations from A. gambiae populations on mainland Africa .
Highlights
MethodsA majority of the human population residing in the Union of the Comoros (=94%) live in high malaria transmission zones[1]
Vector control efforts have concentrated on the adult stage using insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) with DDT1
Limited insecticide resistance surveillance has been conducted on malaria vectors in Union of Comoros, with to date, published records stemming only from investigations in Mayotte, where A. gambiae were susceptible to multiple insecticides except for a larvicide, temephos[3]
Summary
A majority of the human population residing in the Union of the Comoros (=94%) live in high malaria transmission zones[1]. Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles funestus (Giles) are the major malaria vectors in the Comoros[2]. A total of 362 indoor resting adults and larvae were collected from locations from the three islands (Figure 1) making up the Union of the Comoros between February and March, 2011. Limited insecticide resistance surveillance has been conducted on malaria vectors in Union of Comoros, with to date, published records stemming only from investigations in Mayotte (an island administered by France), where A. gambiae were susceptible to multiple insecticides except for a larvicide, temephos[3]. This assay was slightly modified from the original DIS assay[7] by adding the kdr and CYP9K1 markers, as described in Supplemental Document S1
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