Abstract
ABH antigens are not expressed on the red blood cells of monkeys, making it difficult to accurately determine their blood type. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility, convenience, and stability of two non-invasive methods for ABO typing (a reverse gel system assay and a buccal mucosal cell immunofluorescent assay) in cynomolgus monkeys (n = 72). The renal tissue immunofluorescent assay was used to obtain an accurate blood type in the monkeys. Using the reverse gel system assay and preabsorbed serum, we achieved accurate detection of ABO blood groups in 65 of the 72 monkeys but obtained confusing results in the remaining 7. The original immunofluorescent staining of the buccal mucosal smears clearly and correctly identified the ABO blood groups in 50 of the 72 monkeys. After repeated smearing and staining, the ABO group type could be correctly identified in samples from the rest of the monkeys, which were either lacking sufficient buccal mucosal cells or contained impurities. Based on our findings, we recommend the reverse gel system assay as the first choice for primate blood type analysis, and the buccal mucosal cell immunofluorescent assay as a Supplementary Method whenever the reverse gel system assay fails to give a clear result.
Highlights
Non-human primates express the ABH specificities of the ABO blood group system. These blood antigens are absent or only weakly expressed on the red blood cell (RBC) surface of non-human primates[6], yet they are widely distributed on the vascular endothelium and epithelial cells and in exocrine secretions[2,7,8,9]
Anti-A and anti-B antibodies may be present in the circulating system of non-human primates. These blood group antibodies can bind to the A/B antigens expressed on the endothelial cells of transplanted organs, resulting in hyperacute or acute humoral injury or rejection similar to that seen in human ABO-incompatible organ transplantation[2,7,10]
Accurate detection of primate ABO blood groups is of great significance in relevant research areas and is useful for gaining a more comprehensive understanding of the characteristics of primate blood group systems
Summary
ABO typing by renal tissue immunofluorescent staining. All renal tissue samples from the monkeys were examined retrospectively with the immunofluorescent staining assay (Fig. 1), yielding an accurate determination of the ABO phenotype of these animals (Table 1). Blood type O was found in only one of these monkeys (approximately 1.3%). ABO typing by the reverse gel system assay. ABO blood group types were determined by the reverse gel test using preabsorbed serum samples. For the 72 cynomolgus monkeys typed, none of the control tubes showed a false-positive reaction. In 65 of the 72 monkeys, the results from the A1 or B tubes were very clear and definitive, without any interference (Fig. 2B). The results from either the A1 or B tubes were still not clear enough in 7 monkeys (approximately 9.7%), even after the repeated adsorption of the serum samples
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