Abstract
Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomes translate 13 proteins encoded by mitochondrial genes, all of which play roles in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. After a long period of reconstruction, mitochondrial ribosomes are the most protein-rich ribosomes. Mitochondrial ribosomal proteins (MRPs) are encoded by nuclear genes, synthesized in the cytoplasm and then, transported to the mitochondria to be assembled into mitochondrial ribosomes. MRPs not only play a role in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Moreover, they participate in the regulation of cell state as apoptosis inducing factors. Abnormal expressions of MRPs will lead to mitochondrial metabolism disorder, cell dysfunction, etc. Many researches have demonstrated the abnormal expression of MRPs in various tumors. This paper reviews the basic structure of mitochondrial ribosome, focuses on the structure and function of MRPs, and their relationships with cell apoptosis and diseases. It provides a reference for the study of the function of MRPs and the disease diagnosis and treatment.
Highlights
Ribosome is the ribonucleoprotein particle, which is an organelle for protein synthesis in cells, and its function is to synthesize the polypeptide chain efficiently and accurately according to the information of mRNA
Exon sequencing was performed on liver cancer samples using next-generation sequencing technology, the results indirectly proved that MRPL38 was highly expressed in liver cancer [38]
The loss function of PTCD3 resulted in translation defects in the mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) encoding protein, accompanied with oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) deficiency and destabilization of the Mitochondrial ribosomal small subunit (mt-SSU). These findings suggested that PTCD3 mutations are related to mitochondrial ribosomal protein defects, causing neurodegenerative disease and premature death [78]
Summary
Ribosome is the ribonucleoprotein particle, which is an organelle for protein synthesis in cells, and its function is to synthesize the polypeptide chain efficiently and accurately according to the information of mRNA. Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain ribosomes that synthesize their own proteins, which may be related to the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Mitochondrial ribosomal proteins (MRPs) are encoded by nuclear genes and synthesized by the cytoplasm 80S ribosomes, after specific targeting, sorting, transporting to mitochondria, and assembling into mitochondrial ribosome small and large subunits with two rRNAs encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA). Mitochondrial ribosomal large subunit (mt-LSU) genes and proteins. Neurodegeneration and memory impairment [3], Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [4,5], Prognosis [6], Acute mountain disease [7]. “↑” Upregulation in that disease; “↓” downregulation in that disease This table only lists the MRPs (mitochondrial ribosomal proteins) that appear in this article. We will introduce the basic structure of mitochondrial ribosomes and emphasize the significance of MRPs in mitochondria. We will highlight the relationship between MRPs and diseases, and the important influence of MRPs as molecular markers in relevant fields
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