Abstract
Cerebrovascular pathology is common in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is considered to contribute to cerebral malfunction. However, distinct antiangiogenic proteins that accumulate in AD brains have not yet been identified. Endostatin is a 20 kDa C-terminal fragment of collagen XVIII that, when added exogenously, inhibits endothelial proliferation and migration in vitro and angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo by inducing apoptosis in endothelial cells. We produced a monoclonal antibody directed against endostatin and observed significantly more (p < 0.0001) immunoreactive cortical neurons in AD brains compared with age-matched neuropathologically unaltered controls. High numbers of extracellular and frequently perivascular endostatin deposits were detected in the cerebral hemispheres. Double-labeling experiments revealed colocalization of endostatin in amyloid-beta(1-40) (Abeta(1-40)), tau protein, and periodic acid-Schiff stain-positive plaques that were surrounded by focal gliosis. Western blotting revealed more 20 kDa endostatin in an AD patient compared with a control. In unstimulated SKNSH supernatants, endostatin was detected that increased predominantly after hypoxia in supernatants and cellular lysates. Abeta(1-40) (80 microg/ml) supplementation to SKNSH neurons for 24 hr completely abolished the release of endostatin. These data show that endostatin is released by neurons to accumulate in amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Induction by hypoxia and complete abrogation of endostatin release after Abeta(1-40) challenge reveals intricate interactions between the two proteins and opens new avenues for the development of novel treatment strategies of AD patients.
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