Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that can mitigate heavy metal toxicity. Exogenous ABA and ABA mimic 1 (AM1) were applied to study the influence on Zn uptake and accumulation in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Merlot seedlings exposed to excess Zn. The seedlings were treated with either normal or excess levels of Zn in combination with applications of ABA and AM1. Excess Zn exposure resulted in decreased lateral root length, decreased photosynthesis, elevated uptake, and accumulation of Zn in roots, trunks, and stems, decreased jasmonic acid content in roots and leaves, and induced the expression of Zn transportation- and detoxification-related genes. Remarkably, in the presence of toxic amounts of Zn, the exogenous application of ABA, but not of AM1, reduced the uptake and accumulation of Zn in roots and induced higher expression of both ZIP genes and detoxification-related genes in root and leaf. These results indicate that exogenous ABA enhances the tolerance of grape seedlings to excess Zn and that AM1 is not a suitable ABA mimic compound for Zn stress alleviation in grapes.
Highlights
Wine grapes are produced in more than 40 countries
As for the roots at 10 day after the treatment began (DAT), the average length in all the excess Zn treatments decreased compared with the Basal Zn treatment, and no alleviating effect was found for the Abscisic acid (ABA) or ABA mimic 1 (AM1) addition treatments
Given that the Mg2+ cofactor can be replaced by Zn2+ in chlorophylls (Wettstein et al, 1995), we hypothesize that the Zn-mediated inhibition of photosynthesis in grapevine is due to the impaired functioning of the electron transport within the light harvesting complexes rather than a reduction in the total content of photosynthetic pigments in the antenna
Summary
Wine grapes are produced in more than 40 countries. Climates and soils of different regions contribute to the diversity of quality and type of the grape and wines (Anderson and Aryal, 2015). Wine grape cultivation has been rapidly developed in tropical and subtropical areas, including Mexico, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil, India, Thailand, and South China (Intarapichet et al, 2007; Jogaiah et al, 2013; Terra et al, 2013; dos Santos Lima et al, 2014), driven by local wine market demand (Anderson and Aryal, 2015; Anderson and Nelgen, 2015). Soils in these areas are often susceptible to heavy metal toxicity because of low pH and pollution. Similar to other plant micronutrients, Zn is beneficial in a narrow range of concentrations, and its bioavailability in soils increases at low pH
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