Abstract
Objectives This study presents a discussion on the fundamentals of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its use as a diagnostic tool in periodontology. Materials and Methods A computer-aided as well as hand-made search in PubMed and Scopus indexed journals (relevant to the topic) was done by keywords of molecular technique in periodontology, PCR, applications of PCR, and PCR in periodontics. Only the papers in the English language and outlining PCR and its association with periodontology were collected and utilized to provide a succinct review. There was no limitation for publication time. Results The results of our search showed that PCR has turned into a standard in diagnosis in the field of periodontology. A variety of researches has demonstrated that its sensitive, and specific characteristics make it a quick and effective technique of recognition, identification, and quantification of microorganisms. Identification of various immunoinflammatory markers at the mRNA expression level as well as ascertaining gene-related polymorphisms can also be performed. Conclusions The mechanisms of periodontal disease can further become clarified using PCR. Clinical Relevance. PCR as a diagnostic method can play a main part in the validation of the clinical diagnosis of periodontal disease indicating the reason, pathogenesis, clinical steps, progress, and prognosis of the disease.
Highlights
Periodontal disease includes a variety of diseases that are caused by inflammation
Identification of the type and frequency of treatment is facilitated by genetic examination utilizing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to figure out whether an individual is vulnerable to periodontitis
PCR may turn into the optimal recognition tool for disease-causing agents of the periodontium in the near future outstanding to its intrinsic capability of specificity and sensitivity
Summary
Periodontal disease includes a variety of diseases that are caused by inflammation. If this inflammation is not treated and eliminated, it can cause attachment loss, bone resorption, and eventually tooth extraction [1, 2]. Chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis are two well-known types of soft and hard tissue disease around the teeth that cause the destruction of these tissues [3]. The first is based on the amount of bone resorption supporting the tooth, divided into localized and generalized. The second is based on the severity of the disease, which in this regard is divided into three categories slight, moderate, and advanced [1, 3, 4].
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