Abstract
Based on dominant physical processes and the characteristics of secondary electron emission, a relation among secondary electron yield, the energy exponent n, primary energy, the parameter F ( z , n ) , maximum yield and the atomic number z was deduced. The energy exponent n in the energy range of 10–100 keV from ten metals was computed using the ESTAR program; the parameters F ( z , n ) related to ten metals were computed using the energy exponent n and experimental results. We found that the parameter F ( z , n ) related to ten metals is approximately 343.29 ( eV ) n - 1 . Based on the relation deduced in this paper and the parameter F ( z , n ) = 343.29 ( eV ) n - 1 , a universal formula for expressing the secondary electron yield as a function of maximum yield, the atomic number z, the energy exponent and the primary energy was deduced. The secondary electron yield calculated from this universal formula and the yields measured experimentally from metals were compared, and the scattering of the secondary electron yield from the same material was analyzed. Finally, we conclude that the formula presented in this paper is universal for secondary electron yields from metals in the energy range of 10–100 keV.
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