Abstract
BackgroundWe examined the therapeutic potential of a proprietary Croton palanostigma extract (Zangrado®) in the management of emesis and itch.MethodsEmesis was induced in ferrets with morphine-6-glucuronide (0.05 mg/kg sc) in the presence of Zangrado (3 mg/kg, ip) and the cannabinoid receptor 1 antagonist, AM 251 (5 mg/kg, ip). Topical Zangrado (1%) was assessed for anti-pruretic actions in the 5-HT-induced scratching model in rats and evaluated in capsaicin-induced gastric hyperemia as measured by laser doppler flow. In the ApcMinmouse model of precancerous adenomatosis polyposis, mice received Zangrado (100 μg/ml in drinking water) from the age of 6 – 16 weeks for effects on polyp number. In RAW 264.7 cells Zangrado was examined for effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitrite production.ResultsZangrado was a highly effective anti-emetic, reducing morphine-induced vomiting and retching by 77%. These benefits were not associated with sedation or hypothermia and were not reversed by cannabinoid receptor antagonism. Itch responses were blocked in both the morphine and 5-HT models. Zangrado did not exacerbate the ApcMincondition rather health was improved. Capsaicin-induced hyperemia was blocked by Zangrado, which also attenuated the production of nitric oxide by activated macrophages.ConclusionZangrado is an effective anti-emetic and anti-itch therapy that is devoid of common side-effects, cannabinoid-independent and broadly suppresses sensory afferent nerve activation. This complementary medicine represents a promising new approach to the management of nausea, itch and irritable bowel syndrome.
Highlights
The latex of the Amazonian traditional medicine Croton palanostigma and related Croton species is traditionally used in the treatment of inflammation, pain, itch, and a number of gastrointestinal afflictions that are common in the rainforest [1]
Production and standardization of Zangrado Zangrado was produced from the latex of the Peruvian medicinal plant, sangre de grado, by Rainforest Nutritionals, Inc. (Raleigh, NC). This proprietary technique yields an extract that is standardized for proanthocyanidin content that is comprised of shortchain oligomers, less than 6 mer, as recently described [4]
One focused on morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G) induced emesis, defined as episodes of vomiting and retching, and the other protocol compared the effects of Zangrado with WIN 55,212-2, a cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) agonist, on body temperature and sedation
Summary
The latex of the Amazonian traditional medicine Croton palanostigma and related Croton species is traditionally used in the treatment of inflammation, pain, itch, and a number of gastrointestinal afflictions that are common in the rainforest [1]. This traditional medicine is derived from a fast growing tree that is known by different names in various countries: in Peru it is called sangre de grado and in Ecuador, sangre de drago. The current pharmaceutical options in the treatment of nausea and vomiting are invariably associated with side-effects reflecting their actions on the central nervous system [5,6,7]. We examined the therapeutic potential of a proprietary Croton palanostigma extract (Zangrado®) in the management of emesis and itch
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