Abstract
Abstract As renewable energy sources become more integrated into the power grid, their output uncertainty presents several challenges, including increased planning costs for the distribution network, potentially reduced economic benefits, and decreased operational stability, which can elevate safety risks. To address these issues, a two-layer planning model for the distribution network has been proposed. The upper layer focuses on minimizing the total cost, while the lower layer targets reductions in total operating costs and voltage deviations. This model utilizes a hybrid search algorithm that combines the Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA) with the African Vulture Optimization Algorithm (AVOA) to optimize site selection and capacity determination for distributed photovoltaic (PV) systems and energy storage systems (ESS). Experimental results show that this model effectively achieves a Pareto optimal front, balancing both economic and security considerations in the distribution network system.
Published Version
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