Abstract
Many flows in engineering practice and in the environment are influenced by buoyancy forces arising from density differences or are caused by such forces, like in the case of free-convection flows. Waste fluid discharged into the environment has a density different from the latter, which leads to a buoyancy-induced rise or fall of the discharged fluid. The rise is limited by the presence of a stable stratification in the environment, like inversion layers in the atmosphere or thermoclines in the upper part of oceans, and such stable stratifications have a strong damping effect on the turbulence and inhibit the mixing and the spreading of pollutants; on the other hand, turbulent mixing and pollutant spreading are enhanced under unstably stratified conditions. Density currents driven by some existing density difference might occur in the atmosphere and in oceans and other large water bodies, and free convection flows arise from the presence of heat sources such as heated surfaces or fires and occur frequently in rooms as well as in the atmosphere.
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