A tectonic model for the juxtaposition of granulite- and amphibolite-facies rocks in the Eburnean orogenic belt (Sassandra-Cavally domain, Côte d’Ivoire)

Abstract

The Sassandra-Cavally (SASCA) domain (SW Côte d’Ivoire) marks the transition between the Archean Kenema-Man craton and the Paleoproterozoic (Rhyacian) Baoule-Mossi domain. It is characterized by the tectonic juxtaposition of granulite-facies and amphibolite-facies rocks. Migmatitic grey gneisses, garnet–cordierite–sillimanite migmatitic paragneisses and garnet–staurolite-bearing micaschists reached peak pressure conditions ranging from ∼ 6.6 kbar at 620 °C to ∼ 10 kbar at 820 °C. These conditions are associated with the first recorded deformation D1and correspond to a Barrovian geothermal gradient of ∼ 25 °C/km. Subsequent exhumation, associated with a second deformation D2, was marked by decompression followed by cooling along apparent geothermal gradients of ∼ 40 °C/km. A D3deformation phase is marked by folding and local transposition of the regional S1/S2foliation into E-W trending shear zones. LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of monazite, which displays complex internal structures, reveals four age groups correlated to textural position of monazite grains and analytical points: (1) rare relictual zones yield dates at the Archean-Paleoproterozoic transition (ca. 2400–2600 Ma); (2) a cluster of dates centered at ca. 2037 Ma on grains aligned along the S2foliation of the migmatitic grey gneiss, attributed to D2; (3) a cluster of dates centered at ca. 2000 Ma, and (4) dates spreading from ca. 1978 to 1913 Ma, documented for the first time in the West African Craton monazites. The ages of the latter two groups are similar to the ones identified in the Guiana Shield, and could be attributed to a disturbance by fluids, to a periodic opening of U–Pb system or to an episodic crystallization of monazite during slow cooling lasting several tens of Myrs. These data allow to propose a model for the tectonic evolution of the SASCA domain at the contact between the Rhyacian Baoule-Mossi domain and the Archean Kenema-Man nucleus whereby crustal thickening is achieved by crustal-scale folding and is followed by and concomitant with lateral flow of the thickened partially molten crust accommodated by regional transcurrent shear zones. This combination of crustal thickening controlled by tectonic forces and gravity-driven flow leads to the juxtaposition of granulite- and amphibolite-facies rocks.