Abstract

The presented field experiment in an 11 vs. 11 soccer game set-up is the first to examine the impact of different formations (e.g. 4-2-3-1 vs. 3-5-2) on tactical key performance indicators (KPIs) using positional data in a controlled experiment. The data were gathered using player tracking systems (1 Hz) in a standardized 11 vs. 11 soccer game. The KPIs were measured using dynamical positioning variables like Effective Playing Space, Player Length per Width ratio, Team Separateness, Space Control Gain, and Pressure Passing Efficiency. Within the experimental positional data analysis paradigm, neither of the team formations showed differences in Effective Playing Space, Team Separateness, or Space Control Gain. However, as a theory-based approach predicted, a 3-5-2 formation for the Player Length per Width ratio and Pressure Passing Efficiency exceeded the 4-2-3-1 formation. Practice task designs which manipulate team formations therefore significantly influence the emergent behavioral dynamics and need to be considered when planning and monitoring performance. Accordingly, an experimental positional data analysis paradigm is a useful approach to enable the development and validation of theory-oriented models in the area of performance analysis in sports games.

Highlights

  • For years there have been heated discussions among coaches, players, and fans regarding which tactical team formation is the most successful

  • This is a result of the lack of real theory-based experimental approach to study the effects of team formation

  • Wilcoxon rank sum tests did not reveal any significant differences between the two formations regarding Effective Playing Space and Team Separateness

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Summary

Introduction

For years there have been heated discussions among coaches, players, and fans regarding which tactical team formation is the most successful. Common tactical formations include the formations 4-4-2, 4-2-3-1, 4-1-4-1, 4-3-3, or the currently prevalent 3-5-2. Few studies have studied the effects of different tactical formations on game performance so far. In parts, this is a result of the lack of real theory-based experimental approach to study the effects of team formation. An experimental approach is necessary to address questions about the effectiveness of different tactical formations as numerous factors influence game behavior in soccer [1]. The present study sought to adopt an experimental approach with an 11 vs 11 soccer game set-up.

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