Abstract
Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease with high prevalence in adults that leads to destruction of the teeth-supporting tissues. Periodontal therapy has been traditionally directed at reduction of the bacterial load to a level that encourages health-promoting bacteria and maintenance of oral-hygiene. The role of nutrition in different chronic inflammatory diseases has been the subject of an increasing body of research in the last decades. In this sense, there has been an important increase in the volume of research on role of nutrition in periodontitis since the diet has known effects on the immune system and inflammatory cascades. Minerals play a key role in all these processes due to the multiple pathways where they participate. To clarify the role of the different minerals in the establishment, progression and/or treatment of this pathology, a systemically review of published literature cited in PubMed until May 2016 was conducted, which included research on the relationship of these elements with the onset and progression of periodontal disease. Among all the minerals, calcium dietary intake seems important to maintain alveolar bone. Likewise, dietary proportions of minerals that may influence its metabolism also can be relevant. Lastly, some observations suggest that all those minerals with roles in immune and/or antioxidant systems should be considered in future research.
Highlights
Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease that leads to destruction of the teeth-supporting tissues
There were data for nine of the different minerals: calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, copper, zinc, selenium and manganese, which are presented in their respective subsections
The heterogeneity of data and studies, as well as the lack of research on the question of this review for certain minerals, in general, lead to the conclusion that there is limited evidence to confirm a possible effect of dietary intakes for most minerals on the risk or severity of periodontal disease
Summary
Periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease that leads to destruction of the teeth-supporting tissues (i.e., the periodontium). Periodontitis is a ubiquitous disease with high prevalence in adults. The WHO sponsored Global Burden of Diseases study indicates that 11.2% of adults worldwide experience severe periodontal disease. This disease is considered the result of the interaction between pathogenic bacteria and the host’s immune response [2,3]. Periodontal disease is initiated by the accumulation of a pathogenic biofilm at and below the gingival margin [6]. Bacterial product or components stimulate polymorphonuclear and other resident cells which may damage connective tissue surrounding the teeth if their stimulation is excessive [4,5,7]. A Molecules 2016, 21, 1183; doi:10.3390/molecules21091183 www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules
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