Abstract
A systematic investigation was conducted in Lake Taihu in autumn of 2013 and 2014, in order to understand the environmental fate of microcystins (MCs) and evaluate the health risk from MCs. Samples of water, algal cells, macrophytes, shrimps and fish were taken to detect MCs by HPLC-MS/MS after solid phase extraction. Widespread MC contamination in water, algal cells, macrophytes, shrimps and fish was found in Lake Taihu. The ubiquitous presence of MCs in water, algal cells and biota was found in 100% of samples. MC accumulation was in the order of primary producer > tertiary consumer > secondary consumer > primary consumer. The highest levels of MCs in macrophytes, shrimps and fish tissue were found in Potamogeton maackianus, Exopalaemon modestus, and Hyporhamphus intermedius, respectively. The MCs level in shrimps and the tissues of three fish species, Neosalanx tangkahkeii taihuensis, Coilia ectenes and silver carp, was closely linked to their dietary exposure. Ceratophyllum demersum L. was an ideal plant for introduction into lakes to protect against Microcystis blooms and MCs, due to its ability to absorb nutrients, accumulate large amounts of MCs and tolerate these toxins compared to other macrophytes. The average daily intakes (ADIs) of MCs for Exopalaemon modestus and three fish species, Coilia ectenes, Hyporhamphus intermedius and Carassius carassius, were all above the tolerable daily intakes (TDI) set by the World Health Organization (WHO), implying there existed potential threats to human health.
Highlights
Cyanobacteria, widely known as blue-green algae, are prokaryotes and are some of the earliest known organisms [1]
The ratios of MC-LR/MCs and MC-RR/MCs in water were similar in West coast (WC), lake centre (LC) and MLB in 2013, but the ratios of MC-LR/MCs in the water of Southratio coastof (SC) was much higher than in water from WC, LC and MLB
Widespread MC contamination in water, algal cells, macrophytes, shrimps and fish was observed in Lake Taihu
Summary
Cyanobacteria, widely known as blue-green algae, are prokaryotes and are some of the earliest known organisms [1]. The presence of cyanobacteria dates back 3.5 billion years [1]. Cyanobacteria have a diverse group and are widely distributed throughout the world’s lakes and reservoirs [2]. Cyanobacterial blooms remain a growing worldwide concern [3,4,5]. Microcystis producing hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) has been highly worrisome [5]. Several genera of cyanobacteria including Microcystis, Anabaena, Oscillatoria, Nostoc and Anabaenopsis could produce
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