Abstract
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel is a potential source of phenolic compounds with beneficial properties. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) have been considered an environmentally friendly and cheap alternative to conventional organic solvents. In this work, a green extraction methodology was developed using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and NaDES for the extraction of antioxidant non-extractable polyphenols (NEPs) from mangosteen peel. To select the best NaDES to extract NEPs from mangosteen peel, seven NaDES were studied. Antioxidant capacity and total phenolic and proanthocyanidin contents were determined for the extracts. The molecular weights for the NEPs present in those extracts were evaluated by size exclusion chromatography. Experimental results showed that choline chloride–lactic acid (1:2) was the NaDES allowing the highest antioxidant proanthocyanidin content in the extracts. A Box–Behnken experimental design was employed to optimize the main parameters in UAE with NaDES: water percentage, ultrasound amplitude, and extraction time. The optimal extraction conditions were 18.8% (v/v) water, 60% ultrasound amplitude, and 15 min as the extraction time. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the NEP extracts obtained under optimal extraction conditions was evaluated. Results indicated for the first time that the use of NaDES in combination with UAE could be a sustainable alternative for the extraction of antioxidant NEPs from mangosteen peel for important applications in the food, pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and cosmetic fields, as the extracts presented low cytotoxicity.
Highlights
Every year, large amounts of food waste are produced in the agri-food industry worldwide [1]
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) peel is a potential source of phenolic compounds with beneficial properties
Results indicated for the first time that the use of Natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) in combination with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) could be a sustainable alternative for the extraction of antioxidant non-extractable polyphenols (NEPs) from mangosteen peel for important applications in the food, pharmaceutical, agrochemical, and cosmetic fields, as the extracts presented low cytotoxicity
Summary
Large amounts of food waste are produced in the agri-food industry worldwide [1]. NaDES are deep eutectic mixtures comprising two or more natural compounds common in living cells and acting as either hydrogen bond donors (HBD) or hydrogen bond acceptors (HBA) such as choline chloride, amino acids, sugars, and organic acids, among others [19] These solvents have shown great potential for extraction processes because of the strong hydrogen bonds that take place between the solvents’ components and the extracted compounds. 3. Optimization of NaDES-UAE extraction parameters (time, ultrasound amplitude and water percentage) using a BoxBehnken experimental design. The HBA and HBD components of NaDES are explained, along with the molar ratio selected according to the optimal conditions found in the literature for the extraction of phenolic compounds from natural sources. The PA content was indicated as mg epicatechin/100 g sample, which was obtained through a standard curve (0.025–2.000 mg/mL)
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