Abstract
Retail stores can participate in demand response programs with the possibility of load shifting and building automation systems. Demand response activities in retail stores are influenced by various factors, such as business operations, company goals and policies, etc. Meanwhile, the demand response participation can potentially disrupt occupants’ (e.g. customers and employees) lifestyles, thermal comfort and health as well as potentially increase cost or energy consumption. Therefore, stakeholders’ acceptance and behaviors are crucial to the retail stores’ success of demand participation. Therefore, this paper conducted a questionnaire with retail stores to investigate retail stores’ preferences of demand response programs and stakeholders’ engagement. The questionnaire is designed and collected with energy/store managers (who are responsible for energy in stores) in Denmark (N = 51) and the Philippines (N = 36). The result shows that: 1) retail stores are more willing to participate in the implicit demand response by manual energy control compared to the utility control or building automation. Meanwhile, retail stores have significant concerns about business activities and indoor lighting compared to other aspects; 2) the statistically significant influential factors for retail stores to participate in the demand response are related to whether demand response participation matches company goals, influences business operation, and whether retail stores are lack of related knowledge; 3) retail stores believe that employees and customers should be informed about the demand response activities but not involved in; 4) there are significant differences regarding energy control preferences and concerns between retail stores in Denmark and the Philippines, but no significant difference regarding employees’ and customers’ engagement.
Highlights
Smart grid is one of the most effective and economical solutions on the path to a future energy system (Energinet.dk, 2010)
(2019) 2:8 literature indicates the importance of consumer engagement in Demand Response (DR) management that can contribute to the stability and agility of the smart grid (Ma et al, 2018a; European Environment Agency (EEA), 2013)
DR for commercial consumers is popularly discussed due to 1) about one-third of the overall commercial buildings are equipped with Building Automation Systems (BAS) in many developed countries, 2) BAS already integrates the HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) control systems that can manipulate the control variables needed for providing regulation services, 3) a large fraction of commercial buildings are equipped with fast-responding Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) (Hao et al, 2012)
Summary
Smart grid is one of the most effective and economical solutions on the path to a future energy system (Energinet.dk, 2010). Smart grid functionality depends on the collaboration and integration of different stakeholders, adoption of new technologies, regulations and business models (Samad & Kiliccote, n.d.; Heiskanen & Matschoss, 2011; Gungor et al, 2011; Vukojevic & Milošević, 2010). Energy flexibility provided by consumers depends on the types of consumers, e.g. industrial, commercial and residential consumers (Samad & Kiliccote, n.d.). Some industrial consumers, e.g. refrigeration companies/ cold stores, have especially high load shift potential with the duration of several hours, and there are several ways to make electricity from refrigerators/ freezers more flexible (Energianalyse, 2011). The majority of the industrial processes are more resistant to provide energy flexibility compared to commercial activities due to continuous production. Some commercial consumers are more reluctant to participate in DR due to the influences on their business routines and profits (Yang & Wang, 2016). Hotels operate 24/7 and are in general reluctant to shift their usage of power due to consideration of their profits or occupants’ comfort
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