A sustainable framework for resilience enhancement of integrated energy systems in the presence of energy storage systems and fast-acting flexible loads

Abstract

This paper provides a bi-level framework for resilience enhancement of electricity-gas-heating networks integrated with energy hubs by considering fast-acting flexible loads, electric vehicles (EVs), power-to-gas (P2G) technologies, and gas storage (GS) systems. In this study, a scenario-based method is utilized to model the uncertainties of load, renewable energy sources (RES), and customers’ participation in demand response (DR) programs. In the upper-level, the hubs scheduling problem is solved by the decentralized method and in the lower-level, DSO plans the electricity-gas-heating networks. Note that DSO plans the system with the possibility of distribution feeder reconfiguration (DFR). Besides, two different DR programs are considered to enhance the resiliency of the system. Finally, the proposed model is formulated as a mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) problem and solved by DECOPT solver in GAMS software. The simulation results show that DFR, fast-acting DR, direct load control (DLC) program, electrical energy storage (EES) systems and EV participation in load supply led to an increase of 36.32%, 3.56%, 2.35%, 1.55% and 0.29% of the resilience index during line outage condition, respectively. The results also illustrate that the presence of P2G technologies and GS systems have reduced forced load shedding (FLS) by 30.66% during gas pressure drop condition.