A Survey Data Approach for Determining the Probability Values of Vehicle-to-Grid Service Provision

Krzysztof Zagrajek

doi:10.3390/en14217270

Abstract

One of the key aspects of vehicle-to-grid technology (V2G) is the analysis of uncertainty in electric vehicle user behavior. Correct estimation of the amount of available energy from electric vehicles that are expected to provide ancillary services to the electricity system operator or to secure the end user’s demand is essential to design these services in an appropriate way. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the probabilities of V2G service performance for different scenarios. This paper presents the author’s approach to determining the values of V2G service provision probabilities using survey data. It was found that estimating these values using simulation and forecasting tools makes sense when the coefficients resulting from survey responses are used as initial data. Thus, the paper also presents the results of the surveys that were conducted. As the results from the simulations show, the values of the probabilities of V2G services are not high, which should induce future operators of V2G services to offer a beneficial product for the customer.

Highlights

In the 21st century, society is faced with the problem of excessive greenhouse gases emissions, which significantly affect climate change [1,2]
EVs can be divided into three main groups: battery electric vehicles (BEVs), which are vehicles that run solely on electricity from a battery pack, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), which are hybrid vehicles that use electric motors and an internal combustion engine (ICE) but have the ability to charge the internal batteries from both the internal combustion engine and an electrical socket, and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs), which are run by hydrogen [7]
This paper presented an original methodology for calculating the values of initial V2G service probabilities needed to estimate the number of electric vehicles (V2G Program participants) providing discharging services in a given area

Summary

Introduction

In the 21st century, society is faced with the problem of excessive greenhouse gases emissions, which significantly affect climate change [1,2]. Because electric vehicles have rechargeable batteries in their design, they can be treated as mobile electricity storage [8] Their potential as an auxiliary source of electricity for additional demand should be exploited. The idea of local energy balancing involves the efficient use of electricity produced from uncertain energy sources, such as photovoltaic plants (PVs) or wind turbines (WTs). This can be achieved by battery energy storage systems (BESS). Knowing that an Energies 2021, 14, 7270 produced from uncertain energy sources, such as photovoltaic plants (PVs) or wind turbines (WTs) Knowing EtVhactaannbEeVtrceaantebde tarseaatemdoabsilaemenoebrigleyesntoerrgayges,toitrsaugese, iitns uascecuinmauclcautimnguleantienrggyenferorgmy PfrVoms aPnVdsWanTds WanTds panodsspibolsysidbilsychdaisrcghinarggiint ginitciansecaosfe aoflaaclkacokf oefleecletrcitcriitcyityprpordoudcutciotinondduueetoto uunnffaavvoorraabblleewweeaatthheerr ccoonnddiittiioonnss sseeeemmsstotobbeeapapprporporpiraitaet.eF.igFuigreu1resh1oswhos wans eaxnamexpalme cpolenccoenpctefpotrfionrteingtreagtrinatginagn aEnVEiVntoinatomaicmroicgrroigdr. id

Methods

Results

Conclusion