Abstract
One of barriers for the present heat pump system’s application in an electric vehicle was decreased performance under cold ambient conditions due to the lack of evaporating heat source. In order to improve the heat pump’s performance, a high-pressure side chiller was additionally installed, and the tested heat pump system was modified with respect to refrigerant flow direction along with operating modes. In the present work, the performance characteristics of the heat pump system with a high-pressure side chiller for light-duty commercial electric vehicles were studied experimentally under hot and cold ambient conditions, reflecting real road driving. The high-pressure side chiller was located after the electric compressor so that the highest refrigerant temperature transferred the heat to the coolant. The controlled coolant with discharged refrigerant from the electric compressor was used to heat up the cabin, transferring heat to the inlet air like the internal combustion engine vehicle’s heating system, except with unused engine waste heat. In the cooling mode, for the exterior air temperature of 35 °C and interior air temperature of 25 °C, cooling performance along with the compressor speed showed that the system efficiency decreased by 16.4% on average, the cooling capacity increased by 8.0% on average and the compressor work increased by 27% on average. In heating mode, at the exterior and interior air temperature of −6.7 °C, compressor speed and coolant temperature variation with steady conditions were tested with respect to heating performance. In transient mode, to increase coolant temperature with a closed loop from −6.7 °C, tested system characteristics were studied along the compressor speed with respect to heating up the cabin. As the inlet air of the HVAC was maintained at −6.7 °C, even though the heat-up rate of the cabin room was a little slow, the cabin temperature reached 20 °C within 50 min and the temperature difference with the ambient air attained 28.7 °C.
Highlights
The development of efficient and ecofriendly engines which emit less waste heat is the focus of recent research to overcome the environmental issues of global warming and CO2 emission [1].in the last decade, the research trend is shifting towards the development of efficient electric vehicles [2]
Symmetry 2020, 12, 1237 vehicles, cabin heating energy is consumed from the battery, which reduces the driving range of the vehicles more in cold climatic conditions [3]
Heat pumps are the best and efficient alternative for the positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heater because the second law of thermodynamics states that the coefficient of performance of the heat pump is above 1.0
Summary
The development of efficient and ecofriendly engines which emit less waste heat is the focus of recent research to overcome the environmental issues of global warming and CO2 emission [1].in the last decade, the research trend is shifting towards the development of efficient electric vehicles [2]. The gasoline engines are using waste heat for cabin heating during cold climatic conditions but in the case of electric. Symmetry 2020, 12, 1237 vehicles, cabin heating energy is consumed from the battery, which reduces the driving range of the vehicles more in cold climatic conditions [3]. The heating performance of a heat pump system decreases drastically in cold climatic conditions for electric vehicles [5]. To overcome this limitation and develop an efficient heat pump system for cold regions, several studies of an improved model of heat pump system for electric vehicles are presented
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