Abstract
This paper describes results from numerical experiments which have been performed to understand the effects of the ice microphysics, surface friction, and surface heat flux on tropical cyclone (TC) formation. This study uses the author’s non-hydrostatic model that intends to resolve cumulus convection. However, the horizontal grid size is taken to be somewhat large; 2 km in an area of 600 km x 600 km. A non-uniform coarse grid is used in the surrounding area with 4,000-km square. Several buoyancy perturbations arranged in the west-east direction, and a weak vortex with the maximum wind speed of 5 m s–1 are given at the initial time of the numerical time integrations. It is confirmed from two numerical experiments with and without ice microphysics that the development of a vortex is slower, and TC formation is delayed, in the presence of ice microphysics. It is also confirmed that a vortex can develop even without surface friction. It is shown that a strong vortex with the maximum wind speed of 20~25 m s–1 can be obtained. As expected, however, no eye forms, and further development does not occur. That is, it is confirmed that surface friction is indispensable to eye formation and a very strong TC having an eye. As for the third concern of this study, it is shown that a vortex with the maximum wind speed of about 5 m s–1 does not develop in the absence of the surface heat flux. That is, the surface heat flux plays an important role even in a weak vortex. Important backgrounds and understandings that are concerned with these results are described, based on studies on TCs in the past 50 years.
Highlights
In the author’s previous paper [1], results from numerical experiments which were performed toward a better understanding of tropical cyclone (TC)1 formation were presented
It is confirmed that surface friction is indispensable to eye formation and a very strong TC having an eye
This paper describes the results from numerical experiments which have been performed for better understanding of TC formation, with the use of a cumulusconvection-resolving model in contrast to a mesoscaleconvection-resolving model used in the previous study [1]
Summary
In the author’s previous paper [1], results from numerical experiments which were performed toward a better understanding of tropical cyclone (TC) formation were presented. A study to understand the mechanism of the slower development has been made by the author [5] These studies did not intend to explain the ice-phase effect on TC formation, the result can be applied to this problem. The concept of the conditional instability of the second kind (CISK) proposed by these studies has been accepted to explain development and formation (genesis) of TCs by many researchers (e.g., [15]) It was shown later [6, 7] that the CISK proposed in the 1960s, which can be referred to as frictional convergence CISK, is applied primarily only to eyewall circulation. It is shown that the surface heat flux is important even at the stage when the maximum wind speed of a vortex is only about 5 m s–1
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