A study of cerium extraction from Bangka tin slag using hydrochloric acid

Kurnia Trinopiawan,Johny Wahyuadi Soedarsono,Iwan Susanto,Yarianto Sugeng Budi Susilo,Zaki Mubarok,Sulaksana Permana,Budi Yuli Ani,Riesna Prassanti,Kurnia Setiawan Widana

doi:10.15587/1729-4061.2020.210530

Abstract

Bangka Tin Slag (BTS) was a tin-smelting waste containing high silica and other elements that have high economic value, including cerium, which is a rare earth element. Silica and Ce 2 O 3 contents in BTS were 32.86 % and 1.35 % respectively. Other elements that have high concentrations in BTS include 15.46 % of CaO, 10.88 % of Al 2 O 3 , and 9.20% of Fe 2 O 3 . The objective of this study was to determine the optimum conditions for cerium extraction using HCl, which includes HCl concentration, temperature, particle size, stirring speed, and dissolution time. In addition, the effect of these parameters on Ce extraction was also studied. The one-factor-at-time method was used to determine the optimum conditions. Pretreatment of BTS with the alkaline fusion method and water leaching was done to reduce both the silica content and increasing its porosity. Alkaline fusion carried out at 700 ℃ using NaOH converts the silica into water-soluble sodium silicate. Characterization of the slag structure before and after the pretreatment process was completely carried out by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and optical microscope. Furthermore, measurement of Ce content in the filtrate of the dissolution process was performed with inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results showed that the optimum of 75.16 % Ce was extracted by using some parameter conditions, namely by 2.5 M of HCl concentration, at the temperature of 40 ℃, with the particle size of –325 mesh, stirring speed of 150 rpm, and dissolution time of 180 minutes. Each parameter gives a significant effect on Ce extraction, wherein the initial stage, the increase in the value of each parameter gives an increase in Ce extraction and begins to decrease when equilibrium occurs

Highlights

Rare Earth Elements (REE) are 15 elements in the lanthanide group as well as Sc and Y which have similar characteristics with lanthanide elements [1]
Cerium (Ce) is a light rare earth element (LREE) that is widely used as a glass polishing material, catalyst, oxygen sensor, and fuel cell
When using HCl 2.75 M, Ce extraction became 37.56 %. This occurred because the equilibrium reaction of the Ce dissolution by HCl was achieved at a 2.5 M HCl concentration, so a further increase in concentration can cause the reaction to reverse or Ce extraction decrease [17]

Summary

Introduction

Rare Earth Elements (REE) are 15 elements in the lanthanide group as well as Sc and Y which have similar characteristics with lanthanide elements [1]. REE are included in the critical material category because of their high economic importance and supply risk [3,4,5,6]. The use of REE often could not be substituted with other materials related to living and technology standards [7]. Cerium (Ce) is a light rare earth element (LREE) that is widely used as a glass polishing material, catalyst, oxygen sensor, and fuel cell. Ce in nature has two different ionic states, the trivalent and tetravalent Ce which is beneficial for increasing the photocatalystic performance [9]. Tetravalent Ce tends to be more stable than trivalent [8]

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Conclusion