Abstract
A coordinated centralized energy management system (ConCEMS) is presented in this paper that seeks to integrate for optimal grid operation—the supply side energy management system (SSEMS), home energy management system (HEMS) and transmission line management system (TLMS). ConCEMS in ensuring the optimal operation of an IEEE 30-bus electricity network harmonizes the individual objective function of SSEMS, HEMS and TLMS to evolve an optimal dispatch of participating demand response (DR) loads that does not violate transmission line ampacity limits (TLMS constraint) while minimizing consumer cost (HEMS constraint) and supply side operations cost (SSEMS constraint). An externally constrained genetic algorithm (ExC-GA) that is influenced by feedback from TLMS is also presented that intelligently varies the dispatch time of participating DR loads to meet the individual objective functions. Hypothetical day ahead dynamic pricing schemes (Price1, Price2 and Price3) have also been adopted alongside an existing time of use (Price0) pricing scheme for comparison and discussion while a dynamic thermal line rating (DTLR) algorithm has also been incorporated to dynamically compute power limits based on real time associated data.
Highlights
The traditional design of power systems has naturally isolated the sub-components from each other.an electricity network is traditionally built with pre-determined constraints and minimal interaction between generation and transmission/distribution and vice versa
The home energy management system (HEMS) constraint for this research work aims at achieving a reduction in consumers electricity cost for participating demand response (DR) loads only
The increasing complexity of electricity network raises concerns as to the ability of evolving electricity networks to handle the bi-directional flow of energy with increasing prosumers and DR loads
Summary
The traditional design of power systems has naturally isolated the sub-components from each other.an electricity network is traditionally built with pre-determined (static) constraints and minimal interaction between generation and transmission/distribution and vice versa. The ongoing restructuring of electricity networks is seeing a lot of interdependency among components of the electricity grid [1]. Another major contribution to the growing interdependency of sub-components is the idea of smart and connected communities that promote information exchange among integrated sub-components for efficiency and improved operations. In the construction of power systems, they are generally built to be resilient and able to withstand disturbances caused by line and/or generator outages This necessitates the design of electricity grid networks to be secure for at least ‘(n − 1)outages’, which implies that the grid should be capable of Energies 2018, 11, 1038; doi:10.3390/en11051038 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
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