Abstract
Occurrence of antimicrobial residues in livestock and aquatic products is a current public health concern. The monitoring of food commodities for antimicrobial residues will ensure the consumer safety and promote trade. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish a screening test to detect antimicrobial residues in food of animal origin. A bioassay consists of six plates was established, which enables screening of six groups of antimicrobials, namely; penicillins, sulphonamides, streptomycin, erythromycin, tetracyclines and fluroquinolones. The Six Plate Test (SPT) is a bioassay technique, which is carried out using Bacillus subtilis BGA (Merck), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 11778), Micrococcus luteus (ATCC 9341) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 11303) as indicator organisms. The Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) was used as the test medium at optimum pH for all indicator organisms except B.cereus, for which the Media No.8 was used. The Minimum Detectable Concentrations (MDC) of SPT were determined using serial dilutions of antibiotics. All the MDC values obtained on SPT for the validated antimicrobials were below the recommended MRL of each antimicrobial. SPT can be developed to a quick, easy to perform, robust and low cost screening test to detect antimicrobial residues in food of animal origin.
Highlights
Antimicrobials are used in food producing animal for treatment
Minimum inhibitory zones were measured with respect to the antimicrobial concentration of the disc and Minimum Detectable Concentrations (MDC) are presented in table 3
For penicillin the MDC was 0.00001 IU for plate 1,2,3 and 4, but when compared the zone sizes given for the MDC, the largest inhibitory zone size was shown in plate1
Summary
The antimicrobial residues could occur in animal-derived food due to their misuses, failure to observe Withholding Period (WP) or as a result of inadvertent contamination of animal feed with antimicrobials during feed milling [1], [2]. These antimicrobial residues are a concern due to direct harmful effects to humans such as allergies, idiosyncratic reactions and indirect effects as development of antibiotic resistance and long term effects such as mutagenic or teratogenic effects [3], [4], [5]. Modified European Union (EU) Four- Plate Test (FPT) is being used in different countries
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