Abstract
This is the first report on the determination of nicotine in third-hand smoke (THS) in outdoor communal areas. The term THS can be defined as the contamination of surfaces by second-hand smoke. This can remain for extended periods of time and undergo further chemical reactions to produce further pollutants which can be re-suspended in dust or re-emitted into the gas phase. As THS is a rather complex mixture, studies have focused on using nicotine as a marker of THS, as it is the most abundant organic compound emitted during smoking. In this present study, the extraction of dust-wipe samples and the subsequent chromatographic conditions required for the separation of nicotine by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography were optimized. The optimum chromatographic conditions were identified as a 150 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 µm Zorbax Carbohydrate Analysis column with a mobile phase consisting of 90 % acetonitrile, 10 % water at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with UV detection at 259 nm. Further investigations were made on samples collected from surfaces of public entrance ways. Under these conditions, a linear range for nicotine of 0.05 to 24 µg/mL (1.0-480 ng on column) was obtained, with a detection limit of 1.0 ng on column based on a signal-to-noise ratio of three. Acetone, naphthalene, phenol, musk ketone, and palmitic acid were found not to interfere. Communal entrance ways were found to be contaminated with THS nicotine levels of between 5.09 µg/m(2) and 309 µg/m(2) comparable to that found in other previous studies of indoor environments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highlights
Analytical Technique Liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometryNicotine Levels Third-Hand Smoke (μg/m2) Hotels with complete smoking ban guestrooms, mean 1.4, hallways, 1.2
Geometric mean surface nicotine concentrations of nonsmoking and smoking homes 11.4, 90.9 respectively between homes with complete, partial and no voluntary home smoking restrictions 8.9, 56.3 vs. 145.6 respectively
This is the first report to our knowledge of levels of third-hand smoke (THS) nicotine in outdoor communal areas, and is the first report on the determination of nicotine in dust wipe samples by HILIC with UV detection
Summary
Nicotine Levels Third-Hand Smoke (μg/m2) Hotels with complete smoking ban guestrooms, mean 1.4, hallways, 1.2. Hotels without complete smoking ban; non-smoking guestrooms, mean 3.7; smoking guestrooms, 51.8. Hallways outside non-smoking rooms, 2.8; hallways outside smoking rooms, 9.3. Geometric mean surface nicotine concentrations of nonsmoking and smoking homes 11.4, 90.9 respectively between homes with complete, partial and no voluntary home smoking restrictions 8.9, 56.3 vs 145.6 respectively.
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