Abstract
In this chapter, we start by reviewing Einstein’s derivation of Planck’s radiation law, whereby the Einstein coefficients for stimulated and spontaneous radiative processes are introduced. Generalizing to the case of non-equilibrium, conditions for laser activity are derived. After a brief discussion of possible realizations of the laser principle, we discuss the generation of short laser pulses by the superposition of a fundamental and side-band frequencies. The carrier envelope phase is then discussed as well as the characterization of laser pulses by windowed Fourier transforms that concludes this chapter.
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