Abstract
Efficiency is a management concept with a long history, running from scientific management to business process reengineering. In the early 20th century Harrington Emerson, an engineer, argued that an efficient organisation was a necessary prerequisite to task and process efficiency. Rejecting the machine metaphor of scientific management, Emerson conceived of an organic organisation where efficiency was a natural occurrence, not an imposed set of targets and procedures — a concept that has a lot in common with total quality management and a management philosophy that remains valid and important.
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