A Semi-Fragile Video Watermarking Algorithm Based on H.264/AVC

Chen Li,Yi Yang,Lihua Tian,Kai Liu

doi:10.1155/2020/8848553

Chen Li, Yi Yang + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8848553

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Abstract

With the increasing application of advanced video coding (H.264/AVC) in the multimedia field, a great significance to research in video watermarking based on this video compression standard has been established. We propose a semifragile video watermarking algorithm, which can simultaneously implement frame attack and video tamper detection, herein. In this paper, the frame number is selected as the watermark information, and the relationship of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) nonzero coefficients is used as the authentication code. The 4×4 subblocks, whose DCT nonzero coefficients are sufficiently complex, are selected to embed the watermark. The parities of these nonzero coefficients in the medium frequency are modulated to embed watermarks. The experimental results show that the visual quality of the embedded watermarked video is virtually unaffected, and the algorithm exhibits good robustness. Furthermore, the algorithm can correctly implement frame attack and video tamper detection.

Highlights

The rapid development of internet and multimedia technology has brought about the increasing popularity of digital videos, such as network TVs, online videos, and mobile videos [1,2,3,4,5]
We realize our algorithm based on the reference joint test model (JM) software JM by H.264 using the version 8.6
We propose a semifragile video watermarking algorithm based on content authentication, which has good robustness to recompression under different QPs and can simultaneously implement frame attack and video tamper detection

Summary

Introduction

The rapid development of internet and multimedia technology has brought about the increasing popularity of digital videos, such as network TVs, online videos, and mobile videos [1,2,3,4,5]. Semifragile watermarking is insensitive to common video processing operations, but it is sensitive to malicious attacks, and it is mainly applied in tamper detection. These different types of watermarking schemes based on (H.264/AVC) have developed in varying degrees in recent years, i.e., all types of watermarking schemes based on H.264/AVC have undergone considerable development. Xu et al [13] proposed a novel semifragile watermark, which generates feature codes through block energy and embeds watermarks by using discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients on the diagonal, which has little effect on video quality.

Generation of Watermark and Authentication Code

Watermark Embedding and Extraction Algorithm

Results and Discussion

Conclusions