Abstract
The term transgenic animal refers to an animal whose genetic composition has been altered by an addition of foreign DNA. The introduced DNA is called a transgene and the overall process is called transgenic technology. These terms now include the use of living organisms or their parts to make or modify products, to change the characteristics of plants or animals, or to develop micro-organisms forspecific uses that currently include several plants and a number of animal species. During the last two decades, transgenic animal model has been an essential mainstay tool in refining our understanding to gene regulation and function of both biological systems and human diseases. The aims of this review article are 1) to elaborate on how transgenic technology is being used to develop the next genera-tion of animal models and 2) to provide an update of the recent advances and a possible structure design for future studies. This review covers the most used animal models of some human disease and specifically discusses two studies conducted on a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) that reproduced specific features of the histopathology and neurobiology ofMultiple Sclerosis (MS). This report is presented with the hope to provide both educational and practical basis for the use of these informative animal models.
Highlights
A SELECTION OF TRANSGENIC ANIMAL MODELS USED INIn 1976, Jaenisch developed retrovirusmediated transgenesis[4] by infecting 4-8 cell mouse embryos with the Moloney leukemia virus and proving the leukimia was passed on through the mouse line following Mendelian inheritance
ABSTRCAT: The term transgenic animal refers to an animal whose genetic composition has been altered by an addition of foreign DNA
This review covers the most used animal models of some human disease and discusses two studies conducted on a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) that reproduced specific features of the histopathology and neurobiology of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Summary
In 1976, Jaenisch developed retrovirusmediated transgenesis[4] by infecting 4-8 cell mouse embryos with the Moloney leukemia virus and proving the leukimia was passed on through the mouse line following Mendelian inheritance This indicated that an exogenous virus could become an endogenous virus if it infects cells in the early embryonic stage. Transgenic mouse model have been thoroughly investigated the familial forms through overexpressing the mutated alleles of the familial Alzheimer’s disease linked genes APP9, PSEN1 and PSEN249. The resultant APP23 model that first described by Sturchler-Pierrat and colleagues, is a highly valuable, and frequently cited, model of Alzheimer’s disease research and neurodegenerative disease in general[9] This transgenic mouse line was created by expressing APP751 containing common APP mutations found in Alzheimer’s patients. Further comparison of the brains of AD patients reveals that a 30-40% comparative increase in jnk[3], suggesting jnk[3] as a target in future AD treatment 22
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