Abstract
In this study, a new blockchain protocol and a novel architecture that integrate the advantages offered by edge computing, artificial intelligence (AI), IoT end-devices, and blockchain were designed, developed, and validated. This new architecture has the ability to monitor the environment, collect data, analyze it, process it using an AI-expert engine, provide predictions and actionable outcomes, and finally share it on a public blockchain platform. For the use-case implementation, the pandemic caused by the wide and rapid spread of the novel coronavirus COVID-19 was used to test and evaluate the proposed system. Recently, various authors traced the spread of viruses in sewage water and studied how it can be used as a tracking system. Early warning notifications can allow governments and organizations to take appropriate actions at the earliest stages possible. The system was validated experimentally using 14 Raspberry Pis, and the results and analyses proved that the system is able to utilize low-cost and low-power flexible IoT hardware at the processing layer to detect COVID-19 and predict its spread using the AI engine, with an accuracy of 95%, and share the outcome over the blockchain platform. This is accomplished when the platform is secured by the honesty-based distributed proof of authority (HDPoA) and without any substantial impact on the devices’ power sources, as there was only a power consumption increase of 7% when the Raspberry Pi was used for blockchain mining and 14% when used to produce an AI prediction.
Highlights
O VER the years, IoT systems have grown rapidly and increasingly used by many different organizations and users within different sectors, such as healthcare and industry
We can calculate the total power ptot consumed by any device on the blockchain network as follows: in a distributed approach, in which each Authority Nodes (ANs) can host one layer or more of the engine, allowing for more transparency, as the flow of the data from one layer to another will be validated on the blockchain network
BLOCKCHAIN IMPLEMENTATION We have developed and implemented our own blockchain platform secured by the honesty-based distributed proof of authority (HDPoA) consensus mechanism that we have previously developed and tested
Summary
The integration of blockchain into the edge layer has gained considerable attention from researchers in recent years. Another work by IBM [6] proposed autonomous decentralized peer-to-peer telemetry (ADEPT) It is built for coordinating autonomous devices through the use of the Ethereum blockchain network and smart contract. The authors of [8] proposed a control system It uses the Hyperledger Fabric blockchain, along with a smart contract, in a micro-service architecture at the edge layer to secure and validate data initiated at the lower layer. Another edge-based framework called EdgeChain was proposed by [9]. The BlockDeepNet framework was proposed by [11] for data analysis within IoT systems It combines blockchain, smart contracts, and deep learning. The DeepConin framework was introduced by [14] for fraudulenttransaction detection and blockchain-attack prevention based on deep learning and blockchain within smart-grid applica-
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