A role for the succinate dehydrogenase in the mode of action of the redox-active antimalarial drug, plasmodione

Abstract

Malaria, caused by protozoan parasites, is a major public health issue in subtropical countries. An arsenal of antimalarial treatments is available, however, resistance is spreading, calling for the development of new antimalarial compounds. The new lead antimalarial drug plasmodione is a redox-active compound that impairs the redox balance of parasites leading to cell death. Based on extensive in vitro assays, a model of its mode of action was drawn, involving the generation of active plasmodione metabolites that act as subversive substrates of flavoproteins, initiating a redox cycling process producing reactive oxygen species. We showed that, in yeast, the mitochondrial respiratory chain NADH-dehydrogenases are the main redox-cycling target enzymes. Furthermore, our data supported the proposal that plasmodione is a pro-drug acting via its benzhydrol and benzoyl metabolites. Here, we selected plasmodione-resistant yeast mutants to further decipher plasmodione mode of action. Of the eleven mutants analysed, nine harboured a mutation in the FAD binding subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH). The analysis of the SDH mutations points towards a specific role for SDH-bound FAD in plasmodione bioactivation, possibly in the first step of the process, highlighting a novel property of SDH.