Abstract
The growing concerns for environment, health and monetary aspects have triggered a search for efficient and economic renewable sources of energy production. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is an emerging technology that uses biofilms as catalysts to convert chemical energy in organic (and some inorganic) matters directly into electricity. MFC has a distinct advantage that is it can utilise low-grade biomass or even wastewater, which is otherwise not utilised, to produce bioelectricity. MFC research has intensified in the past decade, and the maximum MFC power density output has been increased greatly, and many types of waste streams have been tested. MFC power output is still much lower than that needed for practical power generation beyond powering small sensors, despite recent advances in reactor design.
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