A review on thermal issues in Li-ion battery and recent advancements in battery thermal management system

Abstract

Li-ion battery is the most prominent element for the implementation of Electric Vehicle due to high power, cycling life, and specific energy but it also has its major disadvantage like high cost, heat dissipation which causes degradation and reduction in the capacity. The cause of uneven heat dissipation rate during battery operating stage, reduces the life of the battery and even lead to the explosion (i.e thermal runaway). So, to overcome this problem and to reduce this heat, the effective cooling arrangement is made to protect the battery. Battery thermal management system plays a vital role in electric vehicle, when the cell temperature increases rapidly during the operating condition. Hence, the temperature should be controlled between (15–35 °C). Recently battery thermal management system is used and they having various techniques to cool the battery and maintain the optimum temperature. To examine the BTMS, some model is introduced and the following three expression plays a vital role 1). Energy Balance equation, 2). Heat generation equation and 3). Boundary condition equation. Further, some models like the Electrochemical model and Equivalent circuit model is discussed to study the battery internal behaviour. Then a small introduction in Battery Thermal Management System is discussed, further battery cooling system like air cooling, liquid cooling, phase change materials, cold plates and heat pipes. Air cooling system is one of the simplest way of cooling, but the only drawback is 2/3 of power consumption compared to another cooling system, then comes liquid cooling increase thermal conductivity so it highly advantages over air cooling system. PCM-phase change material is used to manage the battery's temperature in the form of phase transition material and also act as temperature reducing agent. There are different types of PCM such as expanded graphite, polyethene glycol etc.