A Review on Suggested Mechanisms in Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis Following ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination

Abstract

Background: ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccine is a viral vector-based vaccine with desirable protection (about 70.4%, two weeks after the second dose). Few reports were released on thrombocytopenia associated with thrombotic events shortly after the ChAdOx1 nCov-19 vaccination. However, the exact pathophysiologic mechanism of this vaccineinduced thrombotic complication has not yet been elucidated. Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia syndrome (VITTS) is associated with detecting anti-platelet factor 4 (PF4) antibodies that are not yet linked to previous exposure to heparin. Materials and Methods: In the current review, based on relevantly reported cases, possible mechanisms are suggested on the relationship between the anti-platelet factor 4 (anti-PF4) antibody assays, previous exposure to heparin, and the involved mechanisms of post-vaccination thrombocytopenia and thrombotic events, which might help the experts for selecting the appropriate therapeutic measures. Results: Possibly involved mechanisms in VITTS after ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination include binding of anti-PF4 antibodies to heparin/PF4 complex or receptor-binding domain (RBD) protein-PF4 complex. Another mechanism could be the binding of anti-RBD antibodies to the RBD protein-PF4 complex. Finally, anti-RBD or anti-PF4 antibodies may bind to the heparin-RBD protein-PF4 complex. The binding of either of the mentioned antibodies to these complexes via the Fc/angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptors can cause activation/removal of platelets leading to thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Conclusion: The suggested mechanisms in this article provide a relationship between the results of anti-PF4 antibody assays, previous exposure to heparin, and the involved mechanisms of post-vaccination thrombocytopenia and thrombotic events, which might help the experts in selecting the therapeutic measures.