Abstract
Abstract This review centers on the reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes for water treatment and desalination. Specifically the RO and NF membranes, whose rejection layer is being formed using semi-aromatic polyamide in various configuration and structure, have found prominent space in membrane arena. An interfacial polymerization (IP) is a distinctive technique for producing in - situ polyamide membrane in the form of films or composites using wide variety of amines and acid chloride monomers of various compositions. In this context, thin film composite membranes prepared by IP techniques are reviewed with their history in the present review. Emphasis is given on systematic development of membranes with its structural composition and separation characteristics. The functions of various additives and effect of IP reaction parameters on performance of membranes have been briefly discussed. Types of composite polyamide (PA) membranes prepared from comonomers, their derivatives and oligomers are reviewed. Commercial PA membranes are also discussed in details with their niches in the separation of monovalent and divalent ions and organics from water. Poly(piperazine amide) and polyethyleneimine based PA membranes show promising applications for water softening (hardness removal) in the form of flat sheet and hollow fiber configuration. This review may guide the researchers and separation scientists to develop novel approach for further development and modification of membranes for removal the toxic and harmful ions from water.
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