Abstract
Transportation is the second-largest sector contributing to greenhouse gas emissions due to CO2 gas generation from the combustion of fossil fuels. Electric vehicles (EVs) are believed to be a great solution to overcome this issue. EVs can reduce CO2 emissions because the vehicles use an electric motor as a propeller instead of an internal combustion engine. Combined with sustainable energy resources, EVs may become zero-emission transportation. This paper presents an overview of the EV drive train types, including their architecture with the benefits and drawbacks of each type. The aim is to summarize the recent progress of EV technology that always continues to be updated. Furthermore, a comparative investigation on energy density and efficiency, specific energy and power, cost, and application is carried out for batteries as the main energy storage. This discussion provides an understanding of the current development of battery technology, especially the batteries used in EVs. Moreover, the electric motor efficiency, power density, fault tolerance, reliability, and cost are also presented, including the most effective electric motor to use in EVs. The challenges and opportunities of EV deployment in the future are then discussed comprehensively. The government regulation for EVs is still a major non-technical challenge, whereas the charging time and battery performance are the challenges for the technical aspect.
Highlights
Published: 16 October 2021The transportation sector has become the second-largest contributor of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in the past 20 years, after the heat/electricity sector [1,2] To reduce this GHG emission, electric vehicles (EVs) have been introduced as an effective solution in the mobility sector
This study demonstrated that the fuel cell hybrid electric vehicle (FCHEV) gained a power efficiency of 96.2% around the rated power and highly accurate
This paper presented an overview of the types of EVs with both advantages and disadvantages, as well as opportunities and challenges
Summary
Muhammad Rizalul Wahid 1,2,3 , Bentang Arief Budiman 2,4, *, Endra Joelianto 1,2. National Center for Sustainable Transportation Technology (NCSTT), Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia. Mechatronics and Artificial Intelligence, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Purwakarta 41115, Indonesia. Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
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