A review on current epidemiology and molecular studies of lumpy skin disease virus-an emerging worldwide threat to domestic animals

Abstract

In South Asia, cattle are afflicted by the expanding virulent condition known as Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD), and sheep pox and goat pox are caused by the Capri virus. These illnesses endanger worldwide trade. Due to inadequate immunisations and poverty in rural areas, Capricorn poxviruses are spreading. This is due to the economic repercussions of the COVID-19 epidemic, debilitating sanctions in endemic countries, a growth in the legal and criminal trade of live animals and animal products, and global climate change. Skin spores are the main route of infection; however, the virus is also excreted through bodily fluids and semen. As a result, the virus is transmitted to susceptible hosts by biting flies, mosquitoes, and other insects. Insects can be transstadial and transovarial. Lumpy skin disease lesions can swell and rupture after 7 to 14 days in experimental settings, but it usually takes 2 to 5 weeks in a normal infection. Lumpy skin disease is characterised by hard, constrictive, few (mild forms) to numerous (severe forms) skin nodules that may encompass respiratory, urogenital, and other organ mucous membranes. Consequently, milk output decreases, and in countries that raise cattle, there are more abortions, cases of temporary or permanent infertility, hide damage, and mortality, all of which result in a financial loss. The best method for limiting the spread and monetary impacts of lumpy skin disease is mass immunisation and other management measures. This review provides the latest information on lumpy skin disease's viral biology, transmission, clinical, and pathological aspects.