Abstract
Constructed wetlands are man-made complex of substrates, emergent/submergent vegetation, and water. Constructed wetlands have been known as an efficient and low-cost treatment process. Constructed wetland is a natural treatment system that physical, chemical, and biological processes occur when water, soil, plants, and microorganisms interact. They are considered as natural treatment ecosystems that are designed to take advantages of the natural processes to provide wastewater treatment. Constructed wetlands treat different types of wastewaters such as municipal, industrial, agricultural, and storm water. The removal of heavy metals within wetlands is performed generally by plant uptake and by adsorption onto sediments. Heavy metal treatment examples and some specifications and regulations are finally discussed.
Highlights
Constructed wetlands have been known as an efficient and low-cost treatment process. They are considered as natural treatment ecosystems that are designed to take advantages of the natural processes to provide wastewater treatment [1]
Constructed wetlands are man-made complex of saturated substrates, emergent and submergent vegetation, and water, which simulate natural wetlands for human benefits [3]. They consist of inundated land areas with water depth typically less than 0.6 m that support the growth of emergent plants such as Cattail, Reeds, and Water Hyacinth. Both natural and constructed wetlands have been used for the treatment of wastewater, the use of wetlands is generally limited to the polishing or further treatment of secondary or advanced treated effluent [1]
subsurface flow system (SFS) consists of basin that is filled with permeable soil or gravel media where plant is growing, and the wastewater is flowing through the permeable media from the inlet toward the outlet with impermeable bed of 1% slope [1]
Summary
Constructed wetlands have been known as an efficient and low-cost treatment process. They are considered as natural treatment ecosystems that are designed to take advantages of the natural processes to provide wastewater treatment [1]. Constructed wetlands are man-made complex of saturated substrates, emergent and submergent vegetation, and water, which simulate natural wetlands for human benefits [3]. They consist of inundated land areas with water depth typically less than 0.6 m that support the growth of emergent plants such as Cattail, Reeds, and Water Hyacinth. Both natural and constructed wetlands have been used for the treatment of wastewater, the use of wetlands is generally limited to the polishing or further treatment of secondary or advanced treated effluent [1]. SFS consists of basin that is filled with permeable soil or gravel media where plant is growing, and the wastewater is flowing through the permeable media from the inlet toward the outlet with impermeable bed of 1% slope [1]
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