Abstract
The Mollicutes class encompasses wall-less microbes with a reduced genome. They may infect plants, insects, humans, and animals including those on farms and in livestock. Ureaplasma diversum is a mollicute associated with decreased reproduction mainly in the conception rate in cattle, as well as weight loss and decreased quality in milk production. Therefore, U. diversum infection contributes to important economic losses, mainly in large cattle-producing countries such as the United States, China, Brazil, and India. The characteristics of Mollicutes, virulence, and pathogenic variations make it difficult to control their infections. Genomic analysis, prevalence studies, and immunomodulation assays help better understand the pathogenesis of bovine ureaplasma. Here we present the main features of transmission, virulence, immune response, and pathogenesis of U. diversum in bovines.
Highlights
Specialty section: This article was submitted to Veterinary Infectious Diseases, a section of the journal Frontiers in Veterinary Science
We present the main features of transmission, virulence, immune response, and pathogenesis of U. diversum in bovines
The Mollicute cell membrane has a range of protein structures (Figure 1A), including lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) that represent important virulence factors
Summary
PH revealed by the colorimetric change of an acid-base indicator present in the culture medium. Mollicutes usually cause urogenital and respiratory tract infections [36, 37] In animals, these bacteria prefer to colonize the mucous surfaces of the respiratory, genital, oropharyngeal, ophthalmic tract, as well as the mammary gland, and joints. These bacteria prefer to colonize the mucous surfaces of the respiratory, genital, oropharyngeal, ophthalmic tract, as well as the mammary gland, and joints They usually cause subclinical symptoms or can persist in healthy carrier animals maintaining a persistent. The Mollicute cell membrane has a range of protein structures (Figure 1A), including lipid-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) that represent important virulence factors. These structures will be described later in section: LAMPs and other surface molecules [41,42,43]. U. diversum has particular characteristics that make it challenging to control in infectious diseases in beef and dairy cattle, in addition to being a serious obstacle to artificial insemination and embryo transfer [47, 48]
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