A review of the energy implications of passive building design and active measures under climate change in the Middle East

Abstract

As buildings consume fossil fuel-based energy, they contribute to greenhouse gas emissions which raise global temperatures. Buildings will then require more energy for cooling to guarantee indoor thermal comfort, thus creating a positive loop between cause and effect. In the Middle East, this is particularly harmful to the environment because it increases the cooling demand in countries with an energy grid dependent on oil and natural gas. By reviewing the latest scientific contributions, this paper analyzes different passive and active design measures, gathers mitigation and adaptation strategies, and identifies the main barriers. Due to an economy based on an energy mix of low-tariff fossil fuel, Middle East countries lag in adopting clean energy systems and energy-efficient solutions. Nonetheless, there is great potential in using passive design, efficient air conditioning systems, and integrating renewable energy in buildings.