Abstract
The spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus has changed the lives of people around the world with a huge impact on economies and societies. The development of wearable sensors that can continuously monitor the environment for viruses may become an important research area. Here, the state of the art of research on biosensor materials for virus detection is reviewed. A general description of the principles for virus detection is included, along with a critique of the experimental work dedicated to various virus sensors, and a summary of their detection limitations. The piezoelectric sensors used for the detection of human papilloma, vaccinia, dengue, Ebola, influenza A, human immunodeficiency, and hepatitis B viruses are examined in the first section; then the second part deals with magnetostrictive sensors for the detection of bacterial spores, proteins, and classical swine fever. In addition, progress related to early detection of COVID‐19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is discussed in the final section, where remaining challenges in the field are also identified. It is believed that this review will guide material researchers in their future work of developing smart biosensors, which can further improve detection sensitivity in monitoring currently known and future virus threats.
Highlights
The spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus has changed the lives of people around the world with a huge impact on ecofever with or without chills, chest tightness, dry cough, and shortness of breath, while developing patchy to diffuse infilnomies and societies
Avian influenza, human In December 2019, an acute febrile illness with a severe res- immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and SARS are all examples of piratory distress syndrome began to appear, and an evolving zoonoses that have emerged from wild animals, presenting an situation was reported involving infection with a novel corona- increasingly serious threat to human health and economies virus, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus worldwide
Wu et al.[74] developed a dengue fever piezoelectric immunochip. They used a 10 MHz Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) consisting of an 8 mm AT quartz wafer placed between Au electrodes to detect dengue envelop protein (E protein) and nonstructural protein 1 (NS-1 protein) in a viremia phase patient serum, and obtained a detection limit for the phosphate buffered saline (PBS) diluted samples
Summary
A piezoelectric material exhibits a mechanical oscillation under an alternating current (AC) voltage, producing an oscillating electric field. The performance of the QCM is characterized using the mass sensitivity, which describes the shift in resonance frequency f0 due to adsorption of virus particles and the mechanical quality factor (Q value) defining the sharpness of the resonance peak. Cantilever beams of microscale length and width and nanoscale thickness are used as resonant sensors to detect a variety of biological and chemical entities.[13] The resonance frequency of such a cantilever can be approximated by[61].
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