Abstract
This study summarizes a critical review on EVs’ optimal charging and scheduling under dynamic pricing schemes. A detailed comparison of these schemes, namely, Real Time Pricing (RTP), Time of Use (ToU), Critical Peak Pricing (CPP), and Peak Time Rebates (PTR), is presented. Globally, the intention is to reduce the carbon emissions (CO2) has motivated the extensive practice of Electric Vehicles (EVs). The uncoordinated charging and uncontrolled integration however of EVs to the distribution network deteriorates the system performance in terms of power quality issues. Therefore, the EVs’ charging activity can be coordinated by dynamic electricity pricing, which can influence the charging activities of the EVs customers by offering flexible pricing at different demands. Recently, with developments in technology and control schemes, the RTP scheme offers more promise compared to the other types of tariff because of the greater flexibility for EVs’ customers to adjust their demands. It however involves higher degree of billing instability, which may influence the customer’s confidence. In addition, the RTP scheme needs a robust intelligent automation system to improve the customer’s feedback to time varying prices. In addition, the review covers the main optimization methods employed in a dynamic pricing environment to achieve objectives such as power loss and electricity cost minimization, peak load reduction, voltage regulation, distribution infrastructure overloading minimization, etc.
Highlights
IntroductionFossil fuel depletion, increasing prices, and energy security have carried the significant changes in power and mobility sector
Global climate change, fossil fuel depletion, increasing prices, and energy security have carried the significant changes in power and mobility sector
Within the domain of individual pricing policy, we have explored various optimization techniques employed during Electric Vehicles (EVs) charging to achieve objective functions such as charging cost minimization, profit maximization, power loss minimization, voltage profile improvement, and load leveling
Summary
Fossil fuel depletion, increasing prices, and energy security have carried the significant changes in power and mobility sector. Several steps are being commenced to accelerate the shift to decarbonize the transportation sector. In this direction, the EU has made legislation to achieve 30% reduction in CO2 emissions up to 2030 by increasing the penetration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) in the transportation network [3]. In the coming days, EVs or Plug-In EVs (PEVs) are powered by rechargeable batteries and classified in the green technology vehicles, which will replace the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE). The transferring technologies from petroleum-based transportation to green transportation has a number of benefits in several areas like economic, environment, and technical support
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