Abstract
A modular multilevel converter (MMC) is an advanced voltage source converter applicable to a wide range of medium and high-voltage applications. It has competitive advantages such as quality output performance, high modularity, simple scalability, and low voltage and current rating demand for the power switches. Remarkable studies have been carried out regarding its topology, control, and operation. The main purpose of this review is to present the current state of the art of the MMC technology and to offer a better understanding of its operation and control for stationary applications. In this study, the MMC configuration is presented regarding its conventional and advanced submodule (SM) and overall topologies. The mathematical modeling, output voltage, and current control under different grid conditions, submodule balancing control, circulating current control, and modulation methods are discussed to provide the state of the MMC technology. The challenges linked to the MMC are associated with submodule balancing control, circulating current control, control complexity, and transient performance. Advanced nonlinear and predictable control strategies are expected to improve the MMC control and performance in comparison with conventional control methods. Finally, the power losses associated with the advanced wide bandgap (WBG) power devices (such as SiC, GaN) are explored by using different modulation schemes and switching frequencies. The results indicate that although the phase-shifted carrier-based pulse width modulation (PSC-PWM) has higher power losses, it outputs a better quality voltage with lower total harmonic distortion (THD) in comparison with phase-disposition pulse width modulation (PD-PWM) and sampled average modulation pulse width modulation (SAM-PWM). In addition, WBG switches such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) devices have lower power losses and higher efficiency, especially at high switching frequency in the MMC applications.
Highlights
The modular multilevel converter (MMC), as a recently developed member of the multilevel converter family, was first proposed by Lesnicar and Marquardt in 2002 [1]
The MMC is applicable to a wide range of medium and high-voltage power conversion systems, such as high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems [6,7,8], medium voltage motor drives [9,10,11,12], renewable energy systems [13,14,15], battery energy storage systems (BESS) [16,17,18], static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) [19,20], electrical vehicle chargers and drivers [21,22,23,24], and power interfacing applications [25,26]
In terms of submodule for current source MMCs, an inductor replaces the capacitor in the half-bridge submodule (HBSM) [36], and the anti-parallel diodes are connected in series with the switching devices (Figure 2b)
Summary
The modular multilevel converter (MMC), as a recently developed member of the multilevel converter family, was first proposed by Lesnicar and Marquardt in 2002 [1]. The MMC has gained considerable attention and development owing to its promising advantages such as excellent output performance, high modularity, simple scalability, and low voltage and current rating demand for the power switches [3,4] These are clear advantages for the MMC over the traditional two-level and multilevel converters [5]. This is followed by an investigation of the MMC mathematical modeling and control strategies, including output voltage and current control, submodule balancing control, circulating current control, and nonlinear and predictive control.
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